Fue una plaga sin precedentes. Por primera vez en la historia y durante más de un siglo (1855-1959), la peste bubónica (conocida también como peste negra) se extendió a los cinco continentes. Llegó a ser conocida como la tercera pandemia de la peste.
Afectó en diferentes períodos a ciudadanos como Hong Kong (1894), Bombái (1896), pasando por Sídney (1900), Ciudad del Cabo (1901) o Los Ángeles (1924). América Latina también sucumbió a sus efectos, pasando por México, Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay, Cuba y Puerto Rico.
La pandemia dejó unos 12 millones de muertos (incluyendo 10 millones en el subcontinente indio) y generó la implementación de medidas extraordinarias para su contención.
Las dos anteriores pandemias de la peste (una entre 541 y 542 y la otra entre 1346 y 1353) dejaron a las sociedades perplejas tratando de dar con sus orígenes.
Sin embargo, para finales del siglo XIX, los científicos ya tenían un mejor entendimiento de la plaga. De hecho, en Hong Kong en 1894, les fue posible aislar el bacilo que la causaba.
Para 1905, los expertos también identificaron el papel que las ratas y las pulgas jugaban en la transmisión de la enfermedad. Pero estos descubrimientos hicieron poco para mejorar las medidas de salud pública.
La cuarentena, evacuaciones forzadas y la quema de los vecindarios afectados, como sucedió en el barrio chino de Honolulu, Hawái, en 1900, fueron aplicadas contra la pandemia, provocando angustia y conflictos en las áreas afectadas.
No obstante, como la primera epidemia de cualquier tipo de enfermedad infecciosa en ser fotografiada a medida que se extendía por el globo, dejó un legado extraordinario en material visual.
Estas imágenes revelan el enorme y diverso impacto que la peste tuvo en diferentes comunidades -desde los intentos de imponer regulaciones para destechar las viviendas y la segregación forzada, hasta los esfuerzos para controlar la forma en que la gente lidiaba con la muerte.
Aquí presentamos algunas de ellas:
Conflictos por las medidas de prevención y contención: Hong Kong, 1894
La llegada de la peste a Hong Kong, en 1894, generó enfrentamientos entre las autoridades colonialistas británicas y las élites chinas sobre las medidas tomadas contra el brote y cómo tratar a las víctimas.
Cuando el brote surgió en el occidente del territorio, las autoridades colonialistas formaron brigadas de inspectores que marchaban por las calles ordenando las medidas a tomar.
La cuestión de dónde hospitalizar a los pacientes fue un motivo particular de discordia. Las brigadas británicas imponían la práctica de abrir las ventanas, mientras que los médicos chinos consideraban las corrientes de aire letales.
Otra de las órdenes implantadas fue desocupar las casas de utensilios y demás enseres para quemarlos en la calle.
También se establecieron grupos para pintar las casas con una solución de cal a manera de desinfectante.
Las medidas adoptadas por la llamada Brigada de Shropshire fueron elogiadas por el gobierno británico por haber puesto freno al brote infeccioso. Sin embargo, la peste volvió de forma recurrente durante décadas, estableciendo un patrón estacional.
Entre 1910 y 1911, la plaga impactó el noreste de China matando a 60.000 personas; la tasa de mortandad entre los infectados fue del 100%.
Ritos funerarios: India, 1897
Las tradiciones fúnebres de los hindúes y musulmanes en India cautivaron la imaginación de los fotógrafos colonialistas.
Imágenes como ésta, de una pira funeraria hindú para incinerar a los muertos, tomada en la localidad de Sonapur, se difundían por toda la prensa británica que informaba sobre la enfermedad.
Los lectores de la época victoriana en Reino Unido estaban fascinados por lo que, para ellos, era una sociedad exótica, en la que la peste prosperaba.
Tratamientos pioneros: India, 1898
Paul-Louis Simond fue el médico francés que descubrió que las pulgas eran el conducto de transmisión de la peste entre las ratas y los humanos.
También fue pionero con el tratamiento, como el que implicaba inyectar a los pacientes infectados suero.
Sin embargo, el procedimiento era polémico y algunas veces podía costarle la vida al paciente. Como tal, el tratamiento se convirtió en motivo de la resistencia en India contra las medidas antipeste del gobierno colonial.
Incendios en Honolulu, 1899-1900
La capital de las islas de Hawái, Honolulu, sufrió la llegada de la peste en 1899. La reacción de las autoridades fue cerrar el puerto y el barrio chino. También quemaron las casas de ese barrio que consideraban insalubre, como muestra la siguiente fotografía:
El 20 de enero de 1900, el incendio de edificios afectados por la plaga en esta zona de la ciudad quedó fuera de control y un área de más de 26 hectáreas quedó devastada por las llamas.
Llega a América Latina: México, 1902
La peste llegó a Mazatlán, en el estado de Sinaloa, en octubre de 1902. El origen del brote en el continente americano fue atribuido al barrio chino de San Francisco, California.
La epidemia produjo, entre otras medidas, la cuarentena del puerto mexicano y el asilamiento de las personas infectadas, que eran evacuadas de sus casas en camillas especiales.
Desde una perspectiva de higiene, se criticaron las condiciones sanitarias de la ciudad, especialmente los vertederos de basura y los malos sistemas de desagüe.
Aunque algunas viviendas de los infectados se quemaron, se instituyó la fumigación de calles y cloacas.
Los baños de gasolina: Liverpool, 1900-20
Aunque no hubo un brote extendido de la peste en Reino Unido, se registraron muertes en Cardiff, Glasgow y Suffolk. También se reportaron casos en Liverpool, principalmente en 1901, 1908, 1914 y 1916.
En un intento de prevenir la propagación de la enfermedad, los funcionarios de la Autoridad Sanitaria del Puerto de Liverpool zambullían las ratas muertas en cubos de gasolina.
Esta documentación fotográfica logró plasmar diferentes perspectivas de una pandemia que afectó de manera diferente a todas las regiones del mundo y aportar información clave -incluso hoy en día- sobre su impacto social, económico y político.
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